For much of the twentieth century, energy systems operated under vertically integrated utilities that planned, dispatched, and balanced power and gas flows under a single hierarchy. Liberalization in the 1990s dismantled these structures, replacing internal engineering coordination with fragmented interactions across generators, grid operators, retailers, and aggregators. Today, decarbonization multiplies the challenge, adding new vectors—hydrogen, […]Read More
For much of the twentieth century, energy systems operated under vertically integrated utilities that planned, dispatched, and balanced power and gas flows under a single hierarchy. Liberalization in the 1990s dismantled these structures, replacing internal engineering coordination with fragmented interactions across generators, grid operators, retailers, and aggregators. Today, decarbonization multiplies the challenge, adding new vectors—hydrogen, [...]
